References
- Instructions for use
- Heckman JD, Ryaby JP, McCabe J, Frey JJ, Kilcoyne RF. (1994) Acceleration of Tibial Fracture-Healing by Non-Invasive, Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound. J Bone Joint Surg 79-A (1): 26-34
- Nolte PA, van der Krans A, Patka P, Janssen IMC, Ryaby JP, Albers GHR. (2001) Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound in the treatment of nonunions. J Trauma 51(4): 693-703
- Azuma Y., Ito M., Harada Y., Takagi H., Ohta T., Jingushi S. Low intensity pulsed ultrasound accelerates rat femoral fracture healing by acting on the various cellular reactions in the fracture callus, J. Bone Miner. Res. 16 (4) (2001) 671–680
- Rubin, C., Bolander, M., Ryaby, J. P. & Hadjiargyrou, M. (2001) The Use of Low-Intensity Ultrasound to Accelerate the Healing of Fractures J. Bone Jt. Surg. 83-A, 259–270
- Siska PA, Gruen GS, Pape HC. External adjuncts to enhance fracture healing: What is the role of ultrasound? Injury. 2008;39:1095–5.
- Kristiansen et al J Bone Joint Surg Am. 79:961-73, 1997.
- K.S. Leung, W.S. Lee, H.F. Tsui, P.P.L. Liu, W.H. Cheung, Complex tibial fracture outcomes following treatment with low-intensity pulsed ultrasound, Ultrasound Med. Biol. 30 (3) (2004) 389–395
- Coughlin MJ, Smith BW, Traughber P. The evaluation of the healing rate of subtalar arthrodeses, part 2: the effect of low-intensity ultrasound stimulation. Foot Ankle Int. 2008 Oct;29(10):970-7.
- Pounder NM, Harrison AJ. Low intensity pulsed ultrasound for fracture healing: a review of the clinical evidence and the associated biological mechanism of action. Ultrasonics. 2008 Aug;48(4):330-8. Epub 2008 Mar 27.
- Zhou et al Cell Signal. 2008 Apr;20(4):695-704
- Cook SD, Ryaby JP, McCabe J, Frey JJ, Heckman JD, Kristiansen TK (1997) Acceleration of Tibia and Distal Radius Fracture Healing in Patients Who Smoke. Clin. Orthop. Rel. Res. 337: 198–207.
- Freeman et al J Orthop Res. 2009 May;27(5):673-9.
- Sant'Anna et al Journal of Orthopaedic Research 23 (2005) 646–652
- Ebisawa K, Hata K, Okada K, Kimata K, Ueda M, Torii S, Watanabe H (2004) Ultrasound enhances transforming growth factor beta-mediated chondrocyte differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Tiss. Eng. 10 (5-6): 921-929
- Mukai 2005 et al Ultrasound in Med. & Biol., Vol. 31, No. 12, pp. 1713–1721, 2005
- Leung KS, Cheung WH, Zhang C, Lee KM, Lo HK. (2004) Low intensity pulsed ultrasound stimulates osteogenic activity of human periosteal cells. Clin Orthop Rel Res 418: 253-259
- Naruse et al Ultrasound in Med. & Biol., Vol. 36, No. 7, pp. 1098–1108, 2010
- Tang et al Mol Pharmacol 69:2047–2057, 2006
- Hayton et al Ultrasound in Med. & Biol., Vol. 31, No. 8, pp. 1131–1138, 2005
- Sena K, Leven RM, Mazhar K, Sumner DR, Virdi AS (2005) Early gene response to low-intensity pulsed ultrasound in rat osteoblastic cells. Ultrasound in Med. & Biol. 31: 703-708
- Wang F-S, Kuo Y-R, Wang C-J, Yang KD, Chang P-R, Huang Y-T, Huang H-C, Sun Y-C, Yang Y-J, Chen Y-J (2004) Nitric oxide mediates ultrasound-induced hypoxia-inducible factor-1α activation and vascular endothelial growth factor-A expression in human osteoblasts. Bone 35: 114-123
- Premarket Approval P900009/Supplement 6, Summary of safety and effectiveness data: low intensity pulsed ultrasound device for the noninvasive treatment of nonunions. Exogen◊, a Smith & Nephew Company, 2000.
- DOF 12000.01
- Poduval M, Kale S. Diaphyseal tibial fractures [online]. Medscape eMedicine, Updated Apr 26, 2010. Available at http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1248857-overview (estimate based on US epidemiology data which states that 26 tibial fractures per 100.000 population per year in countries where the primary cause of fractures is RTAs and sports injuries. UK population is 62 million).
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